Inter-Research And Studies (IRAS)

Even in the early 1800s Asian American started to become involved in politics. Their used their resources to lobby for equal rights and equal access to economic and occupational opportunities. From the early 1800s to the 1920s, over one thousand lawsuits were filed in state and federal courts by Asian Americans seeking to receive proper legal rights. During the same period Asian Americans tried to further their political presence. The circulated petitions, conducted letter-writing campaign, published their own newspapers and magazines promoting their political cause. They also tried to gain political gain by pairing up with non-Asian organizations. All of these cases go to show that Asian Americans are not always quiet and complacent. The Asian American community has a very clear sense of political justice, and they have demonstrated their knowledge for quite some time. And their constant fight for justice has made the American political system realize that they are very a...

The informality of these procedures also reflects the political philosophy that underlies the entire presidential system of the government, especially in the United States of America (USA). The assumption is that the chances of tyranny or dictatorship are reduced insofar as legislature and executive (and judiciary) branches of the government are separated in terms of both institutions and personnel. In the USA, the principle of checks and balances (for instance, the presidents authority to veto legislation or senates' authority to approve or disapprove president's appointment) is actually corollary to the more fundamental principle of separation of powers. By distributing a part of the powers of each governmental branch to the other branches of government, the writers of the Constitution intended to provide each branch with the means of ensuring its constitutional integrity. The record of parliamentary government, however, makes it clear that the principle of separation of...

The presidential system of government tends to isolate the chief executive from the legislature and that the chief executive, if he chooses may in turn isolate himself from the people. Unlike the parliamentary system, presidential government is characterized by very few institutional channels for communication between the legislative and the executive branches. Much of the story of the constitutional development of presidential system hinges on the informal procedures that are established by successive administrations for bridging the communication gaps between the several branches of the government: private meetings between the president and the legislative leaders and the building of a network of personal loyalties between legislators and the administrators. Such informal liaisons are all the more important when one political party controls the presidency and another  (or a coalition of opposition parties) controls the legislature. Under these circumstances, policy making is...

The prime minister is not only the head of the government but he or she is also the leader of the party and consequently leader of the parliamentary majority. His cabinet ministers are likely to have substantial experience in party politics and parliamentary debates and they too are recognized party leaders. Indeed, they may spend an important part of their time maneuvering against one another for positions of successor to the top party leader. But the close relationship between members of the party, parliament and the executive government in the parliamentary system helps to improve the chances of government action in an age when government inaction may be tantamount to catastrophe or less dramatically widespread economic distress among the population. It is also important to note the relative openness of political conflicts in the parliamentary system. The head of the government and his ministers would sit in the legislature and must frequently undergo intensive questioning by t...